When any cell divides, enzymes called polymerases make a copy of all the DNA in each chromosome. The first step in this process is to "unzip" the two DNA chains of the double helix. As the two strands separate, DNA polymerase makes a copy Introduction Science is a creature that continues to evolve at a much higher rate than the beings that gave it birth.
It has allowed for advances in production, transportation, and even entertainment, but n N: Evolution Evolution Two major mechanisms drive evolution. The first is natural selection, a process causing heritable traits that are helpful for survival and reproduction to become more common in a population, and harmful traits to become more rare.
This occurs because individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to reproduce, so that more individuals in the next generation inherit these traits. T: Genetics Genetics Science is a creature that continues to evolve at a much higher rate than the beings that gave it birth. It has allowed for advances in production, transportation, and even entertainment, but never in history has science be able to as deeply affect our lives as genetic engineering will undoub R: The Cystic Fibrosis Gene The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Introduction: Cystic fibrosis is an inherited autosomal recessive disease that exerts its main effects on the digestive system and the lungs.
This disease is the most common genetic disorder amongst Caucasians. Cystic fibrosis affects about one in 2, people, with one in twenty five being a heterozygote. With the use of antibiotics, the life span of a person afflicted with CF can be extended up to thirty years however, most die before the age of thirteen.
It is generally understood to mean unlawful attacks and threats of attack against computers, networks, and the information stored therein. Possibly to intimidate, influence a government or its people to further political or social gain.
To qualify as cyb D: The Internet, is it a boon or a bane? The Internet, is it a boon or a bane? With the Dotcom gold rush and the advent of the Internet, the world has proliferated and grew more sophisticated. The Internet, just like the cellular phones and televisions, has become a need in this modern era. In fact, the cyberspace fever is still spreading, faster than we ever imagine. The Internet, once dominated by the militar U: Industry Paper Industry Paper Final Industry Paper Manufacturing May 16, Introduction In todays advancing technology state, one must be aware of information management systems and how they are shaping lives.
Many industries are involved in information technology, and it is that technology which enables them to survive. Five major industries are health, services, manufacturing, finance, and retail. It is hard to say which one is affected more by technology because they all are in their own individual w C: Genetics Genetics Over the past several years Genetics has become a leading link to understanding how our body works.
By mapping out deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, scientists plan to find cures for various diseases, develop better, more efficient drugs, grow new organs, evaluate environment hazards, and eventually build a human being. Inside of every single cell in our bodies there are 46 chromosomes that are made up of DNA. Half of your chromosomes are inherited from each parent, DNA is strung along the T: Computer crime computer crime Computer Crime: Prevention and Innovation Since the introduction of computers to our society, and in the early 80s the Internet, the world has never been the same.
Furthermore, it is different from cryptolocker, which is a computer virus that encrypts the hard drive data and holds it for ransom. It is a non-resident computer virus, which resides in an executable file. Whenever the infected file is executed, it infects the other files.
It creates its thousands of copies itself; in each copy, it changes the sequence and byte values to evade detection by antivirus software. Even the best antiviruses may not be able to detect this virus. Polymorphic viruses affect data types and functions and generally spread through spam, infected sites, and while using other malware. It is also known as wabbit, a fork bomb. It is capable of creating new processes, and each of the new process further creates new processes.
This process continues until this virus utilizes all the available resources in the system and system falls short of resources. It may cause the target system to slow down and crash.
For example, it is like an Infinite loop that repeatedly creates processes that consume lots of CPU cycles and operating system resources. It is a hidden computer virus, which specifically attacks operating system processes. It usually hides itself in partitions, files or boot sectors and is capable of going unnoticed during antivirus or anti-malware scans, i. There are many warning signs or symptoms which show that a computer is infected with a virus, some of which are as follows:. JavaTpoint offers too many high quality services.
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The first computer virus, called Elk Cloner, was written in and infected computers via floppy disks. But viruses and worms no longer just provide a way for malevolent hackers to gain notoriety.
The most successful ones cause serious damage , forcing companies around the globe to close down while infected computers are cleaned up. A string of recent specimens have been designed to snatch passwords or credit card information and install programs that can be used to remotely control infected machines. These programs are known as trojan horses. This involves overloading a server with bogus page requests , so that real messages cannot get through. Spammers have also begun using botnets to forward unsolicited bulk email advertising , or spam, through scores of zombie PCs.
This makes it far more difficult for spam hunters to block the messages at source and catch the culprits. Once considered a fairly minor problem, spam is rapidly spiralling out of control, and much more than half of all email messages are now thought to consist of unwanted advertising messages. Nonetheless, very little clinical knowledge on COVID disease is currently accessible and details on age span, the animal origin of the virus, incubation time, outbreak curve, viral spectroscopy, dissemination pathogenesis, autopsy observations, and any clinical responses to antivirals are lacking among the serious cases.
By the time of 2nd week of April , this COVID cases exceeded 18,,58, although more than 1,,45 deaths were recorded worldwide and United States of America became the global epicentre of coronavirus.
Past pandemics that have existed in the past decade or so, like bird flu, swine flu, and SARS, it is hard to find out the comparison between those pandemics and this coronavirus.
Following is a guide to compare coronavirus with such diseases and recent pandemics that have reformed the world community. Influenza, or seasonal flu, occurs globally every year—usually between December and February. It is impossible to determine the number of reports per year because it is not a reportable infection so no need to be recorded to municipality , so often patients with minor symptoms do not go to a physician. Recent figures placed the Rate of Case Fatality at 0.
There are approximately 3—5 million reports of serious influenza a year, and about ,—, deaths globally. In most developed nations, the majority of deaths arise in persons over 65 years of age. Moreover, it is unsafe for pregnant mothers, children under 59 months of age and individuals with serious illnesses. The annual vaccination eliminates infection and severe risks in most developing countries but is nevertheless a recognized yet uncomfortable aspect of the season.
In contrast to the seasonal influenza, coronavirus is not so common, has led to fewer cases till now, has a higher rate of case fatality and has no antidote. Several cases of bird flu have existed over the years, with the most severe in and This is usually from two separate strains—H5N1 and H7N9 [ 24 — 26 ].
After the first outbreak, about 1, laboratory-confirmed reports of bird flu have occurred. Although the percentage is very high, the blowout from individual to individual is restricted, which, in effect, has minimized the number of related deaths. It is also impossible to monitor as birds do not necessarily expire from sickness. In contrast to the bird flu, coronavirus becomes more common, travels more quickly through human to human interaction, has an inferior cardiothoracic ratio, resulting in further total fatalities and spread from the initial source.
Around and , there were about 28, suspicious incidents and about 11, fatalities, although these are expected to be overlooked. Those who survived from the original epidemic may still become sick months or even years later, because the infection may stay inactive for prolonged periods. Thankfully, a vaccination was launched in December and is perceived to be effective. In contrast to the Ebola, coronavirus is more common globally, has caused in fewer fatalities, has a lesser case fatality rate, has no reported problems during treatment and after recovery, does not have an appropriate vaccination.
Camel flu is a misnomer—though camels have MERS antibodies and may have been included in the transmission of the disease; it was originally transmitted to humans through bats [ 30 — 32 ]. Like Ebola, it infected only a limited number of nations, i. In contrast to the camel flu, coronavirus is more common globally, has occurred more fatalities, has a lesser case fatality rate, and spreads more easily among humans. Swine flu is the same form of influenza that wiped 1. Thankfully, the case fatality rate is substantially lower than in the last pandemic, with 0.
About 18, of these fatalities have been laboratory-confirmed, but statistics range as high as ,—, worldwide. In contrast to the swine flu, coronavirus is not so common, has caused fewer fatalities, has more case fatality rate, has a longer growth time and less impact on young people. SARS was discovered in as it spread from bats to humans resulted in about fatalities.
The number is estimated to be closer to 9. Similar to coronavirus, SARS had bad results for males than females in all age categories [ 36 — 38 ]. Coronavirus is more common relative to SARS, which ended in more overall fatalities, lower case fatality rate, the even higher case fatality rate in older ages, and poorer results for males.
The Hong Kong flu pandemic erupted on 13 July , with 1—4 million deaths globally by It was one of the greatest flu pandemics of the twentieth century, but thankfully the case fatality rate was smaller than the epidemic of , resulting in fewer fatalities overall. That may have been attributed to the fact that citizens had generated immunity owing to a previous epidemic in and to better medical treatment [ 39 ]. In contrast to the Hong Kong flu, coronavirus is not so common, has caused in fewer fatalities and has a higher case fatality rate.
The Spanish flu pandemic was one of the greatest occurrences of recorded history. Regardless of the name, the epidemic did not necessarily arise in Spain; wartime censors in Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom and France blocked news of the disease, but Spain did not, creating the misleading perception that more cases and fatalities had occurred relative to its neighbours. At the end of , 1. In contrast to the Spanish flu, coronavirus is not so common, has caused in fewer fatalities, has a higher case fatality rate, is more harmful to older ages and is less risky for individuals aged 20—40 years.
Common cold is the most common illness impacting people—Typically, a person suffers from 2—3 colds each year and the average kid will catch 6—8 during the similar time span. Although there are more than cold-associated virus types, infections are uncommon and fatalities are very rare and typically arise mainly in extremely old, extremely young or immunosuppressed cases [ 43 , 44 ].
In contrast to the common cold, coronavirus is not so prevalent, causes more fatalities, has more case fatality rate, is less infectious and is less likely to impact small children. As COVID started to propagate across the globe, the outbreak contributed to a significant change in the broad technology platforms. Where they once declined to engage in the affairs of their systems, except though the possible danger to public safety became obvious, the advent of a novel coronavirus placed them in a different interventionist way of thought.
Big tech firms and social media are taking concrete steps to guide users to relevant, credible details on the virus [ 45 — 48 ]. Below are a few of them. In the virus package, Facebook has placed a remarkable algorithmic thumb on the scale, potentially pushing millions of people to accurate, authenticated knowledge from a reputable source. Similar initiatives have been adopted by Twitter. Searching for COVID will carry you to a page highlighting the latest reports from public health groups and credible national news outlets.
The search also allows for common misspellings. Twitter has stated that although Russian-style initiatives to cause discontent by large-scale intelligence operations have not yet been observed, a zero-tolerance approach to network exploitation and all other attempts to exploit their service at this crucial juncture will be expected.
The problem has the attention of the organization. It also offers promotional support to public service agencies and other non-profit groups. Google has made a step in making it better for those who choose to operate or research from home, offering specialized streaming services to all paying G Suite customers. It ensures that companies can hold meetings of up to people, broadcast live to up to about , users within a single network, and archive and export meetings to Google Drive.
Google-owned YouTube, traditionally the most conspiratorial website, has recently introduced a connection to the World Health Organization virus epidemic page to the top of the search results. Yet in the United States, conspiratorial posts regarding the illness have failed to gain only 1 million views. Given the encrypted existence of the app, it is difficult to measure the severity of the problem.
Misinformation is also spread in WhatsApp communities, where participation is restricted to about individuals. Knowledge of one category may be readily exchanged with another; however, there is a considerable amount of complexity of rotating several groups to peddle affected healing remedies or propagate false rumours. Coronavirus is already an ongoing epidemic, so it is necessary to take precautions to minimize both the risk of being sick and the transmission of the disease.
Cover your nose and mouth as you sneeze or cough, preferably with your bent elbow or tissue. Take preventive precautions if you are in or have recently go to places where coronavirus spreads.
The first person believed to have become sick because of the latest virus was near in Wuhan on 1 December A formal warning of the epidemic was released on 31 December.
The World Health Organization was informed of the epidemic on the same day. A curfew was declared on 23 January to prohibit flying in and out of Wuhan. Private usage of cars has been banned in the region.
Chinese New Year 25 January festivities have been cancelled in many locations [ 50 ]. On 26 January, the Communist Party and the Government adopted more steps to contain the COVID epidemic, including safety warnings for travellers and improvements to national holidays. The leading party has agreed to prolong the Spring Festival holiday to control the outbreak.
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