Was this reply helpful? Yes No. Sorry this didn't help. Thanks for your feedback. Thanks for posting this link, but it still does not answer my question. I like that it clarifies what 1. They are important bioactive molecules having potential therapeutic applications Huang et al.
Cordycepin is an analog of adenosine derivatives which themselves differentiated from adenosine nucleoside by the absence of one oxygen molecule at third position carbon of ribose sugar. Cordycepin has been associated with various therapeutic ailments including intracellular targets, nucleic acid, apoptosis, and cell cycle. This diverse role of cordycepins in cellular molecular activities is due to its resemblance to adenosine Tuli et al.
On the other hand, CA is structurally an isomer of quinic acid possessing various potential medicinal applications.
Previously, CA structure was concluded as 1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid Chatterjee et al. It differs mainly from quinic acid as it forms dextrorotatory instead of forming lactone Chatterjee et al. There is a great variation of CA content in the Cordyceps spp. However, in C. Jiang, CA plays a great influence in treating liver fibrosis Guo and Friedman, , diuretic, plasma osmotic pressure, and anti-free radical properties Nomani et al.
The fruiting bodies of Cordyceps spp. It was known that the polysaccharides obtained from Cordyceps species are medicinally important and can play as one of the main constituents in drug formulation Ukai et al. These polysaccharides can effectively control the blood sugar level in the body Kiho et al. These polysaccharides are either intracellular or extracellular. Molecular weight greater than 16, is shown to have effective antitumor properties Zhou et al.
The polysaccharides derived from edible, medicinal mushrooms were successfully shown to exhibit antitumor and immunomodulating properties which were firstly reported from the fruit body of Lentinusedodes in Chihara et al. Therefore, a large number of edible and medicinal polysaccharides including Cordyceps spp.
Apart from this, many novel antitumor and immunomodulatory polysaccharides have been developed and commercialized Wasser, ; Xiao et al. The important species of Cordyceps spp. As per the study, the polysaccharides combined with other chemotherapeutic drugs showed synergism and increased body-resistance Xiao et al.
Polysaccharides derived from Cordyceps spp. Additionally, the Cordyceps spp. Significant quantities of polyamines were also detected, such as 1,3-diamino propane, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, and putrescine Mizuno, ; Mishra and Upadhyay, Other nitrogenous compound like putrescine and putrescine, ware also identified Mizuno, Besides the other components, Cordyceps spp.
Nucleosides such as adenine, adenosine, inosine, cytidine, cytosine, guanine, uridine, thymidine, uracil, hypoxanthine, and guanosine have been isolated from C. Among the nucleotide components, guanosine has the highest content ratio than other components Shaoping et al. There is a usual difference between the nature of nucleosides from that of normal and cultured C. Many specific nucleosides that are not found elsewhere in nature can be found in the Cordyceps spp. Fungi contain sterols in the form of ergosterol an essential part of the great therapeutic important part of vitamin D 2.
In Cordyceps spp. Some derivatives of Cordyceps spp. The fatty acids found in Cordyceps spp. Fatty acid such as lauric acid, myrtic acid, pentadecanic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and docosanic acid, are reported in Cordyceps spp.
Mishra and Upadhyay, Zhu et al. The unsaturated fatty acids have various physiological activities, including decreased lipid blood and cardiovascular disease. Two methanol isolated sterols displayed antitumor sequence, and were detected by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy in their structure Bok et al. In addition to the core ingredients, C. Cyclic dipeptides including cyclo- Leu-Pro and cyclo- Phe-Pro were seen to have antimicrobial activity and anti-mutagenic properties in the battle against the production of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus VRE and pathogenic yeasts Rhee, As per the study, cyclic bacterial dipeptides inhibit the development of aflatoxin Yan et al.
The major amino acids are present in the larvae such as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and amino acid Hsu et al. The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties of cordymine, a peptide isolated from C.
EPSF has a wide spectrum of pharmacologic effects, with immunomodulatory and antitumor effects are most important Sheng et al. EPSF has already shown that it can scavenge free radicals, promote the differentiation of cell cancer, and improve the ability of antitumor activity by triggering many immune responses Sheng et al. Ion-exchanging and size chromatography is used to isolate polysaccharide PS from cultivated C.
Polysaccharide fraction PSF has been extracted from C. PSF also has immunomodulatory impacts, including many other polysaccharides Chen et al.
In a study to document the effect of C. A few extraction strategies have been used for solvents extraction utilized for the confinement of particular bio-dynamic mixes Chen P X et al. Different extracts exhibit significant biological activities. In aqueous extraction, water is used as an extraction medium due to the polar nature of the molecule and extracts polar compounds like-nucleosides and polysaccharides.
Sun et al. An alcoholic extraction method mainly methanol, ethanol, aqueous methanol, and aqueous ethanol are used for extraction as per bioactive principles. Yamaguchi et al. Another study revealed that methanol extract obtained from C. Ethyl acetic acid derivation concentrate C. Although the yield in this technique is small, the technique includes sugar, adenosine, ergosterol, and cordycepin, which are differentiated by ergosterol and similar mixes as a significant class of dynamic portion.
Further research is utilized to comprehend basic highlights and adequacy of dynamic mixes in ethyl acetic acid derivation extricate. Ethyl acetate extract of C. The extraction of supercritical CO 2 has been an emerging technique in the chemical and food sectors in recent years. It is the best method carried out under moderate conditions and its purest form to extract bioactive compounds especially non-polar compounds , without toxic organic solvents for extraction.
Many literatures on simple and supercritical methods for the extraction of fluids in different fields are available Pereira and Meireles, Ethanolic C. Plethora of naturally occurring chemical entities attributes to the broad and remarkable pharmacological activities of Cordyceps spp. Out of the diverse variety of species, C. Besides, other species includes C. Fan; C. Song; C.
Liang, A. Jiang; C. Sacc; C. Liang and A. The proposed applications of Cordyceps spp. Details of the Cordyceps spp. The immunomodulators are the substances or compounds that helps to control the immune system of the body. There are a number of compounds present in the Cordyceps spp. Some of these are discussed below. Active constitutes of Cordyceps spp. Active bio-constituents of Cordyceps spp. Degrading host key intracellular molecules is another strategy that Cordyceps spp.
Polysaccharide constituents of Cordyceps spp. Xu et al. This report hinted at the C. Interestingly, the induction of macrophages and the intestinal immune system in mice by oral administration of hot water decoction from cultured mycelia of C. They inferred modulatory IL-6 production by activating macrophages and enhance secretion of hematopoietic growth factors like granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF and IL-6 from Peyer's patch cells mainly composed of T and B cells Koh et al.
The immuno-stimulatory action of a compound is explicated by its competence to trigger the immune system of the living organism through inducing or activating its components. Numerous species of Cordyceps spp. The use of C. They inferred that the polysaccharides from the C. CP2-S, a novel polysaccharide purified from C. Bi et al. Ethanol extracts of C. It also caused a remarkable increment in an acid phosphatase activity and lysosomal enzymes in macrophages suggesting its antitumor action via the immuno-stimulating function Shin et al.
TABLE 2. Immunostimulatory and related bioactivities of Cordyceps spp. The extract ethanolic of cultured mycelia of C. Since the synthesis of NO by iNOS is elevated in inflammatory ailments and leads to cellular injury, this activity confirms its anti-inflammatory action Won and Park, Thus, hinted at the use of cordycepin for inflammation-linked disorders Kim et al.
Interestingly, others have reported the application of C. Moreover, cordycepin and C. Furthermore, the cordycepin and C. Thus, cordycepin and C. A heteropolysaccharide from cultured C.
It has been reported that methanolic fractions of C. The crude extract and partially purified fractions of C. Further, it was revealed that five constituents, cordysinins A-E accounted for these actions Yang et al. The treatment of macrophages with diverse concentrations of C. Similar results were also reported in another study where the immune activation by CMP was improved. Moreover, CMP increased the thymus and spleen indices, the spleen lymphocyte activity, immunoglobulin G IgG function, and the total quantity of white blood cells in mice serum.
Anti-inflammatory effects of another species of Cordyceps spp. Fan was investigated Kim T W et al. Moreover, 4-quinolinol and 1-naphthol were found from C. Paecilomyces hepiali Q. Chen and R. Thus, the modulatory activity of CBG-CS-2 on the inflammatory response in macrophages, makes it useful as an anti-inflammatory drug or supplement.
They further extended their study to confirm the immunoregulatory efficacy and safety of CBG-CS-2 separated and cultivated from P. The major components reported i. CBG-CS-2, cordycepin, Polysaccharides, and adenosine induce immunomodulation by enhancing both the NK-cell activity and phagocyte reactions via macrophages activation.
Moreover, cerebrosides have been reported to account for the anti-inflammatory activity of C. Summary of the factors involved in cordyceps-induced immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity is depicted in Table 3. Concerning anti-inflammatory effects, cordymin, a purified compound from C. Complementarily, the extracted compounds cordymin-1, cordymin-2, and cordymin-4 presented an antinociceptive effect in acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions model Qian et al.
Similarly, the anti-inflammatory activity of C. While for indomethacin, In another more detailed report, Cordycepin inhibited the overproduction of NO, prostaglandin E 2 , and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner on the production of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated murine BV2 microglia.
Those outcomes inferred that cordycepin has a high potential in restraining inflammatory mediators in neurodegenerative diseases Jeong et al. TABLE 3. Mechanism of action of the Cordyceps spp. Intranasal administration of an acidic polysaccharide APS , obtained from the extract of C.
The antioxidative profile of ethanol and water extract of C. Li et al. Further, they extended their studies Gu et al. Thus, they concluded that Cordyceps spp. Chen et al. Wu et al. Similarly, CBP-1 a novel polysaccharide was isolated from cultured C. Since these radicals are associated with the pathogenesis of several ailments, the study implicit for latent clinical applications of C. Aging has been reported to involve oxidative stress by many researchers Romano et al.
A study by Wang et al. Ji et al. The results documented that C. Another species i. Another study with C. Similarly, a novel low-molecular-weight polysaccharide CMP-1 was isolated by Jing et al.
Jing et al. The same group further isolated a novel polysaccharide CMPA90—1; compound 1 from the cultured fruiting bodies of C. Summary of the factors involved in cordyceps-induced antioxidant and antiaging activity is depicted in Table 3. Many genera of Cordyceps spp. The glycosylated ergosterol from the methanolic extract of C. Moreover, the water extract of C. Since Cordyceps spp. In another study on MA mouse Leydig tumor cell, cordycepin induced apoptosis was reported to involve caspase -9, 3, and -7 dependent pathway Jen et al.
In human colorectal cancer cells, cordycepin triggers apoptosis via increasing B-cell lymphoma 2 Bcl-2, proapoptotic molecules , JNK, and p38 kinase activity He et al. Thus, it can be inferred that cordycepin induced antitumor profile involves plethora of pathways depending upon the cell type. Aqueous extract from another species, C. Extract of C. Furthermore, pure compounds isolated from the extracts of C.
Furthermore, it was reported that C. It has also been documented that C. Other mechanisms that describe the anti-cancer activity of Cordyceps spp. Furthermore, the autophagy mechanism was evident by the increase and accumulation of microtubule-associated protein light chain-3 LC3 Lee et al. A summary of the factor involved in cordyceps-induced antitumor activity is depicted in Table 3.
Kiho et al. Additionally, they also verified that CS-F30 potentiate the activities of glucokinase, hexokinase, and glucosephosphate dehydrogenase thus accelerating the glucose metabolism, which in turn was responsible for its antidiabetic activity Kiho et al.
An industrial fermentation product i. Additionally, it improves the metabolism of glucose by increasing insulin sensitivity and improving oral glucose tolerance Balon et al. A study confirmed that the Cordyceps spp. The extract from C. Kan et al.
In the same way, CmNo1, a novel combination of the fruiting body and C. Kim et al. The results documented that all four cerebrosides obtained from C. A summary of the factors involved in cordyceps-induced hypoglycemic activity is depicted in Table 3. In previous studies, the existence of a protein component in C. They reported the effect to be triggered by a single active constituent or by the combined action of many agents found in the extract that contributes to hypotensive and vasorelaxation activities Chiou et al.
Besides antioxidant profile, C. Remarkably, a study was completed Won et al. It was documented that cordycepin inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-BB PDGF-BB -induced RASMCs migration and proliferation via interfering with adenosine receptor-mediated NOS pathways, thus resulting in the attenuation of neointima formation and thus could act as atherosclerosis agent. Furthermore, an increase in lipoprotein lipase LPL and hepatic lipase HL activity by cordycepin hint its contribution to lipid profiles regulation with no toxicity Gao et al.
In a contemporary treatment approach toward both diabetes and depression management by vanadium-enriched C. It was reported that in STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats administration of VECS, significantly reduces the blood glucose levels with the increase in levels of serum insulin Guo et al. The study also revealed a remarkable decrease in immobility with a corresponding increase in the swimming and climbing behavior in hyperglycemic rats following VECS treatment thus concluding a contemporary treatment approach that advocates an aggressive stance toward both diabetes and depression management Guo et al.
Wang L et al. Summary of the factors involved in Cordyceps -induced hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive and vasorelaxation activities is depicted in Table 3. Due to its eco-friendly nature and less or no side effects of microbial metabolites as an insecticide, they are of great use Berdy, It works by an increase in cellular ATP increasing bioenergy and thus facilitating efficient oxygen utilization Geng et al.
Interestingly, athletes also use Cordyceps spp. Dai et al. Thus, the study supported the energy-promoting properties of CordyMax. As discussed above, the antioxidant properties of Cordyceps spp. Since it has been well-established that fatigue is closely related to depression, a study was performed using the tail suspension test in mice to examine the antidepressant effects of supercritical fluid extract SCCS of C.
Results suggest that SCCS may elicit an antidepressant-like effect by affecting the adrenergic and dopaminergic systems, but not by affecting the serotonergic system Nishizawa et al. To examine the effect of Cs-4 on erobic capacity in healthy elderly volunteers a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed Chen S et al.
It was documented that administration of Cs-4 for 12 weeks, increased the metabolic threshold and the ventilatory threshold of the subjects.
Such higher thresholds indicate better erobic performance without fatigue in older human subjects. The effects of polysaccharides from C. Such observations confirmed the anti-fatigue effects of C. To explore the underlying mechanisms behind the exercise endurance promoting activities of C.
To other species, i. Moreover, the active constituent accounting for C. Interestingly, it was reported that natural as well as laboratory cultured mycelia of C.
The antioxidative property of C. Summary of the factors involved in Cordyceps -induced anti-fatigue and antidepressant activity is depicted in Table 3. Because Cordyceps spp. Mechanistically Cordyceps spp. One study described that C. Hsu et al. Another research by Huang Y L et al.
In particular, the administration of cordycepin can increase the weight of the epididymis, sperm motility, and movement, and the number of mature sperm Kashyap et al. Wang et al. Moreover, C. The same group further extended their studies Huang et al. They documented that C.
These results were also supported by others Hsu et al. Results documented that C. However, Chen et al. They further explored the mechanisms of C. Similarly, the effect of C. Kaspersky Security Cloud Personal. Kaspersky Security Cloud Free. Get free version. Buy Now Try for 30 Days. Merci de Bonjour , comment devenir newser de ce site? Par exemple je ne suis pas chez moi et je suis sur mon portable,et quand je vais J'ai telecharger un Film sur Emule qui ne marche pas et en voulant l'effacer windows me dit:"Impossible de Key logger, trojan Ce nouveau petit soft les retire tous de Le site Tom's Hardware vient de publier un test complet sur le plus petit PC au monde.
User Name Password? Remember Me? Cliquez ici. Forums www. Windows XP Pro Gold 5. Comment afficher les news de NDFR sur votre site UltraISO 7.
0コメント