Instead, its goal is to serve as a framework for research on mental disorders in order to better understand mental health. The DSM has gone through many changes since it was first published in the early s. The latest version of the diagnostic manual, the DSM-5, was published in This version utilized a multiaxial or multidimensional approach for diagnosing mental disorders.
The multiaxial approach was intended to help clinicians and psychiatrists make comprehensive evaluations of a client's level of functioning, because mental illnesses often impact many different life areas. It described disorders using five DSM "axes" or dimensions to ensure that all factors—psychological, biological, and environmental—were considered when making a mental health diagnosis. Axis I consisted of mental health and substance use disorders that cause significant impairment. Disorders were grouped into different categories such as mood disorders , anxiety disorders , or eating disorders.
Axis II was reserved for mental retardation a term which has since been replaced by "intellectual disability" and personality disorders , such as antisocial personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder. Personality disorders cause significant problems in how a person relates to the world, while intellectual disability is characterized by intellectual impairment and deficits in other areas such as self-care and interpersonal skills.
Any social or environmental problems that may impact Axis I or Axis II disorders were accounted for in this axis. These include such things as unemployment, relocation, divorce, or the death of a loved one. Axis V is where the clinician gives their impression of the client's overall level of functioning.
Based on this assessment, clinicians could better understand how the other four axes interacted and the effect on the individual's life.
The previous edition of the DSM, the DSM-IV-TR, utilized a multiaxial system that was designed to help clinicians fully evaluate the biological, environmental, and psychological factors that can play a role in a mental health condition.
The most immediately obvious change is the shift from using Roman numerals to Arabic numbers in the name. Perhaps most notably, the DSM-5 eliminated the multiaxial system. Instead, the DSM-5 lists categories of disorders along with a number of different related disorders. Example categories in the DSM-5 include anxiety disorders, bipolar and related disorders, depressive disorders , feeding and eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and personality disorders.
A few other changes that came with the DSM-5 included:. While the DSM is an important tool, only those who have received specialized training and possess sufficient experience are qualified to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. A number of significant changes were made in the DSM-5 compared to previous editions.
The DSM-5 eliminated the multiaxial system in favor of categories of related disorders. Some disorders were eliminated or changed, while several new conditions were added. When making a diagnosis, the doctor may rely on a variety of information sources including interviews, screening tools, psychological assessments, lab tests, and physical exams to learn more about the nature of your symptoms and how they are affecting you.
A healthcare provider or mental health professional will then utilize the information they have learned to make a diagnosis based on DSM criteria. Ever wonder what your personality type means? Sign up to find out more in our Healthy Mind newsletter.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th ed. Washington, DC; Kawa S, Giordano J. A brief historicity of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders : Issues and implications for the future of psychiatric canon and practice.
Philos Ethics Humanit Med. National Institute of Mental Health. New York State Psychiatric Institute. About RDoC. Federal Register. Change in terminology: "Mental retardation" to "intellectual disability". By posting, you are declaring that you understand this policy:. These terms and conditions contain rules about posting comments. By submitting a comment, you are declaring that you agree with these rules:.
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